Biomarker library
Every marker on a blood report, in plain words.
109 blood markers across 12 body systems. What each one measures, why it matters for how long you stay well, and what moves it.
- Markers explained
- 109
- Body systems
- 12
- Inputs to the PhenoAge clock
- 9
- With linked markers mapped
- 72
Lab reports print a number and a range. They rarely say what the number is for. Each page below explains one marker: what it measures, why it matters for healthspan, how it shows up in daily life, and the markers it should be read beside.
Educational only, not a diagnosis. A single number means little without your history and the rest of your panel, so discuss your own results with your physician.
109 markers
Sugar and metabolism
These numbers describe how your body turns food into energy and what it does with the extra. Blood sugar, the three-month average and insulin show whether fuel is being used or stored. Weight around the middle is the most visible sign of storage. Steadier meals, more daily movement and better sleep move every one of them.
- Fasting sugarFasting Plasma GlucoseThe sugar in your blood after a night with no food.Sugar and metabolism
- Random sugarRandom Plasma GlucoseYour blood sugar at the moment the blood was taken, fed or not.Sugar and metabolism
- Three-month sugar averageHbA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin)How much sugar has stuck to your red cells over the past few months.Sugar and metabolism
- Average sugar (from HbA1c)Estimated Average Glucose (eAG)The same three-month sugar result, shown as a number your home meter would give.Sugar and metabolism
- Fasting insulinFasting InsulinThe hormone that pushes sugar out of your blood and into your cells.Sugar and metabolism
- Insulin resistance scoreHOMA-IRA score worked out from your fasting sugar and your fasting insulin.Sugar and metabolism
- C-peptideC-PeptideA small piece your pancreas snips off each time it makes insulin.Sugar and metabolism
- Two-week sugar averageFructosamineHow much sugar has stuck to proteins in your blood over the past two or three weeks.Sugar and metabolism
- Uric acidSerum Uric AcidA waste product left over when your body breaks down parts of food and old cells.Sugar and metabolism
- Triglyceride to HDL ratioTG:HDL RatioYour blood fats divided by your good cholesterol.Sugar and metabolism
Cholesterol and particles
Cholesterol is not one thing. LDL and ApoB count the particles that can lodge in artery walls; HDL is the clean-up crew; triglycerides are fat in transit after meals. What matters is the balance between them over years, not any single reading, and food, movement and your thyroid all shift it.
- Total cholesterolTotal CholesterolAll the cholesterol in your blood, the good and the bad, added up into one number.Cholesterol and particles
- LDL, the carrying cholesterolLDL CholesterolThe cholesterol that gets left in the wall of an artery.Cholesterol and particles
- HDL, the clearing cholesterolHDL CholesterolThe cholesterol that picks up what the others leave behind and takes it away.Cholesterol and particles
- Triglycerides, blood fatsTriglyceridesThe fat your blood carries between meals and stores for later.Cholesterol and particles
- VLDLVLDL CholesterolThe particle that carries fat from your liver out into your blood.Cholesterol and particles
- Non-HDL cholesterolNon-HDL CholesterolYour total cholesterol with the good kind taken out.Cholesterol and particles
- ApoB, the particle countApolipoprotein BA count of the particles that can lodge in an artery wall.Cholesterol and particles
- ApoA1, the clearing proteinApolipoprotein A1The main protein on the particles that carry fat out of your arteries.Cholesterol and particles
- ApoB–ApoA1 balanceApoB/ApoA1 RatioThe settling particles set against the clearing ones, as one number.Cholesterol and particles
- Lp(a), the inherited particleLipoprotein(a)A sticky particle you were born with, set by your genes.Cholesterol and particles
- Cholesterol to HDL ratioTotal Cholesterol/HDL RatioYour total cholesterol divided by the good kind.Cholesterol and particles
- LDL to HDL ratioLDL/HDL RatioYour LDL divided by your HDL, the bad kind set against the good.Cholesterol and particles
- HDL to LDL ratioHDL/LDL RatioYour HDL divided by your LDL, the same two numbers the other way round.Cholesterol and particles
Liver
Your liver clears what you eat and drink and repackages fat. These enzymes leak into the blood when it is irritated, most often by extra fat stored inside it, alcohol, hard training, or a medicine. Small rises usually settle when the cause does.
- ALT, the liver-specific enzymeALT (SGPT)An enzyme that leaks out of liver cells when they are irritated.Liver
- AST, a liver and muscle enzymeAST (SGOT)An enzyme found in your liver but also in your muscles and heart.Liver
- AST to ALT patternAST/ALT (De Ritis) RatioOne liver enzyme divided by the other, as a clue to what upset it.Liver
- GGT, the alcohol-sensitive enzymeGamma-Glutamyl TransferaseA liver enzyme that reacts to alcohol and to some medicines.Liver
- Alkaline phosphataseAlkaline PhosphataseAn enzyme that comes from your bones and from your bile ducts.Liver
- BilirubinTotal BilirubinThe yellow pigment left over when old red cells are broken down.Liver
- Processed bilirubinDirect (Conjugated) BilirubinThe share of that pigment your liver has already processed and packaged.Liver
- Unprocessed bilirubinIndirect (Unconjugated) BilirubinThe share of that pigment your liver has not processed yet.Liver
- AlbuminSerum AlbuminThe main protein in your blood, made by your liver.Liver
- Total proteinTotal ProteinAll the protein floating in your blood added together.Liver
- GlobulinGlobulinThe rest of your blood protein once albumin is taken out.Liver
- Albumin–globulin balanceA/G RatioYour albumin divided by the rest of your blood protein.Liver
- CK, a muscle enzymeCreatine KinaseAn enzyme that leaks from muscle when muscle is worked or hurt.Liver
- LDH, a cell-turnover enzymeLactate DehydrogenaseAn enzyme found in almost every cell, released when cells break open.Liver
Kidney
Your kidneys filter your blood around the clock. Creatinine and the filtering rate show how well, and both drift with hydration and muscle, so one reading is a snapshot rather than a verdict. Water, blood pressure and blood sugar are the levers that protect them.
- Creatinine, the kidney filter checkSerum CreatinineA waste product your muscles make all day, which your kidneys clear out.Kidney
- eGFR, your kidney filtering rateEstimated Glomerular Filtration RateA score for how fast your kidneys clean your blood.Kidney
- Urea, protein wasteBlood UreaThe waste left when your body breaks down the protein you eat.Kidney
- Blood urea nitrogenBlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)The same protein waste, counted as just its nitrogen part.Kidney
- Urea–creatinine balanceBUN/Creatinine RatioOne kidney number divided by the other. It is mostly a clue about water.Kidney
- Cystatin CCystatin CA protein every cell makes, cleared by your kidneys at a steady rate.Kidney
Urine
A few drops of urine show what the kidneys are letting through. Protein, sugar or blood that should not be there are early warnings; a clear result is reassuring. Most of these are yes-or-no answers rather than numbers.
- Albumin in your urineUrine MicroalbuminA trace of blood protein that has slipped through into your urine.Urine
- Urine creatinineUrine CreatinineHow strong or watery your urine sample was.Urine
- Urine albumin, correctedUrine Albumin/Creatinine RatioThe protein in your urine, corrected for how watery the sample was.Urine
Minerals and electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium keep your nerves firing and your muscles working, your heart included. They sit in tight ranges. Water, sweat and some medicines move them. So the story around the test matters more here than almost anywhere else.
- SodiumSerum SodiumThe salt in your blood, which sets how much water your body holds.Minerals and electrolytes
- PotassiumSerum PotassiumA mineral your nerves and your heart need to fire properly.Minerals and electrolytes
- ChlorideSerum ChlorideThe other half of salt, which moves with sodium in your blood.Minerals and electrolytes
- CalciumSerum CalciumThe mineral that builds bone and helps muscles and nerves work.Minerals and electrolytes
- PhosphorusSerum PhosphorusA mineral that works with calcium to build bone and carry energy.Minerals and electrolytes
- MagnesiumSerum MagnesiumA mineral your muscles, nerves and sleep all depend on.Minerals and electrolytes
Thyroid
Your thyroid sets the speed of everything. How fast you burn energy, how warm you feel, how quickly your liver clears cholesterol. A slow gland slows all of that at once. That is why a thyroid number and a cholesterol number are often read together.
- TSH, the thyroid signalThyroid Stimulating HormoneThe message your brain sends to tell your thyroid to work harder.Thyroid
- Free T4, the storage hormoneFree Thyroxine (FT4)The main thyroid hormone floating free and ready to be used.Thyroid
- Total T4Total Thyroxine (T4)All your thyroid hormone counted together, the bound and the free.Thyroid
- Free T3, the active hormoneFree Triiodothyronine (FT3)The active thyroid hormone, the one your cells actually use.Thyroid
- Total T3Total Triiodothyronine (T3)All your active thyroid hormone, the bound and the free added up.Thyroid
- Thyroid antibodiesAnti-TPO AntibodiesAntibodies aimed at your own thyroid gland.Thyroid
Iron and red cells
Red cells carry oxygen to every muscle and to your brain. Iron is what they are built from, so low stores show up first as tiredness and breathlessness on stairs, long before anything else. In India this is the most common quiet drag on energy, especially for women.
- Haemoglobin, your oxygen carrierHaemoglobinThe part of your red cells that carries oxygen around your body.Iron and red cells
- Packed cell volumeHaematocrit (PCV)The share of your blood that is red cells rather than fluid.Iron and red cells
- Red cell countRed Blood Cell CountHow many red cells are packed into a drop of your blood.Iron and red cells
- Red cell sizeMean Corpuscular VolumeThe average size of your red cells.Iron and red cells
- Haemoglobin per cellMean Corpuscular HaemoglobinHow much of the oxygen pigment sits inside one red cell.Iron and red cells
- Haemoglobin concentration per cellMean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ConcentrationHow tightly packed that pigment is inside each red cell.Iron and red cells
- Red cell size spreadRDW-CVHow mixed the sizes of your red cells are.Iron and red cells
- Ferritin, your iron storeSerum FerritinThe protein your body stores iron in.Iron and red cells
- Circulating ironSerum IronThe iron travelling in your blood right at that moment.Iron and red cells
- Iron-binding capacityTotal Iron Binding CapacityHow much room your blood has to carry iron.Iron and red cells
- Spare iron capacityUnbound Iron Binding CapacityThe room still spare on your iron carriers.Iron and red cells
- Transferrin saturationTransferrin Saturation (TSAT)How full your iron carriers are, given as a percentage.Iron and red cells
- Red cell sorting ratio, the Mentzer indexMentzer Index (MCV/RBC)Red cell size divided by red cell count, to sort two kinds of small cells.Iron and red cells
- Second red cell sorting ratio, the Sehgal indexSehgal IndexAnother sorting sum built from red cell size and red cell count.Iron and red cells
Inflammation and immune cells
White cells and CRP are your immune system on the move. A short rise means it is fighting something, often a cold you barely noticed; a long, low simmer is the kind linked with ageing faster. Sleep, weight, gums and stress all feed it.
- CRP, the inflammation markerC-Reactive ProteinA protein your liver makes fast when you get an infection or a wound.Inflammation and immune cells
- hs-CRP, the inflammation dialHigh-Sensitivity C-Reactive ProteinThe same protein measured far more finely, to pick up a low simmer.Inflammation and immune cells
- ESR, the settling rateErythrocyte Sedimentation RateHow fast your red cells settle in a tube, an old signal of inflammation.Inflammation and immune cells
- White cellsTotal Leukocyte CountThe total count of the cells your body fights infection with.Inflammation and immune cells
- Neutrophil shareNeutrophils (%)The share of your white cells that are the first responders.Inflammation and immune cells
- Lymphocyte shareLymphocytes (%)The share of your white cells that remember past infections.Inflammation and immune cells
- Monocyte shareMonocytes (%)The share of your white cells that clean up debris.Inflammation and immune cells
- Eosinophil shareEosinophils (%)The share of your white cells that handle allergy and parasites.Inflammation and immune cells
- Basophil shareBasophils (%)The smallest share of your white cells, involved in allergic reactions.Inflammation and immune cells
- Neutrophil countAbsolute Neutrophil CountThe actual number of first-responder cells, not just their share.Inflammation and immune cells
- Lymphocyte countAbsolute Lymphocyte CountThe actual number of memory cells, not just their share.Inflammation and immune cells
- Monocyte countAbsolute Monocyte CountThe actual number of clean-up cells, not just their share.Inflammation and immune cells
- Eosinophil countAbsolute Eosinophil CountThe actual number of allergy cells, not just their share.Inflammation and immune cells
- Basophil countAbsolute Basophil CountThe actual number of the rarest kind of white cell.Inflammation and immune cells
- Neutrophil–lymphocyte balanceNeutrophil/Lymphocyte RatioFirst responders divided by memory cells, a rough signal of stress.Inflammation and immune cells
- PlateletsPlatelet CountThe tiny fragments that plug a cut and stop the bleeding.Inflammation and immune cells
- Platelet volume sharePlateletcritThe share of your blood taken up by platelets.Inflammation and immune cells
- Platelet sizeMean Platelet VolumeThe average size of your platelets.Inflammation and immune cells
- Total IgE, the allergy antibodyTotal Immunoglobulin EThe antibody your body makes in allergy and when it fights off worms.Inflammation and immune cells
Pancreas
The pancreas makes the enzymes that digest fat and starch. They spill into the blood when it is irritated, after a heavy meal, alcohol, gallstones, some medicines, or hard training. A mild rise with no pain is common; pain with a high number is the one to act on.
Vitamins
Vitamin D, B12 and folate are building blocks your body cannot make on its own. Low levels are common with indoor life and vegetarian diets. They show up as tiredness, low mood and slow recovery long before anything dramatic.
- Vitamin D25-Hydroxy Vitamin DA vitamin your skin makes from sunlight, and food tops up.Vitamins
- Vitamin B12Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)A vitamin from animal foods that your nerves and red cells need.Vitamins
- FolateSerum FolateA B vitamin from greens and dal that helps build new cells.Vitamins
- HomocysteinePlasma HomocysteineA waste product your body clears with the help of B vitamins.Vitamins
- Vitamin B6Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)A B vitamin your body uses to build proteins and brain chemicals.Vitamins
- ZincSerum ZincA mineral your immune system, skin and sense of taste depend on.Vitamins
- Vitamin ASerum RetinolA vitamin your eyes, skin and immune defences all need.Vitamins
- SeleniumSerum SeleniumA mineral in trace amounts that your thyroid needs to do its work.Vitamins
- Omega-3 indexOmega-3 IndexHow much of the fat in your red cells is the omega-3 kind.Vitamins
Hormones
These hormones steer muscle, mood, energy and fertility. They swing with time of day, sleep and stress, so timing of the blood draw matters, and a single reading is read with the story around it.
- TestosteroneTotal TestosteroneThe main male hormone, present in smaller amounts in women too.Hormones
- CortisolSerum Cortisol (Morning)Your stress hormone, highest in the morning and lowest at night.Hormones
- DHEA-SDHEA SulphateA hormone from your adrenal glands that the body turns into others.Hormones
- ProlactinSerum ProlactinThe hormone behind milk production, present in men too.Hormones
- OestradiolEstradiol (E2)The main female hormone, made for the most part in the ovaries.Hormones
- IGF-1Insulin-like Growth Factor 1The messenger through which growth hormone does most of its work.Hormones
- SHBGSex Hormone Binding GlobulinA liver protein that grips sex hormones and holds them out of use.Hormones
Already have a blood report? Read it marker by marker.
Upload it to Oraia, our health-intelligence tool, for a plain-language read of your markers that a Genoryx doctor can review.
Your biological age is a number you can measure.
Start with the 400+ parameter entry assessment and a 60-minute physician consultation at either Hyderabad clinic. Open seven days, 11 AM to 9 PM.
Book a consultation